Landouzy stated firmly in 1846 that it was ‘exclusive au sexe feminin’ and Charcot regarded ovarian tenderness as one of the stigmata of the condition and attached great significance to the precipitation of hysterical symptoms by pressure on the ovary. All the religious texts like the Bible, the Qur’an, and the Ramayana etc European Literature Timeline The Decline of the Feudal System- 1660 AD Lancasters, Yorks, and Tudors- 1450-1482 AD The Magna Carta- 1218 AD Thomas A. Beckett The Norman Conquest- 1066 AD Thomas A. Becket The Roman Empire-55 AD The Scandinavian Invasion- 793 AD The Arrival of That legacy is later transmitted by Latin to the various vernaculars. [6] Thomas Sydenham was probably the first to recognize explicitly the role of emotion in the genesis of hysteria, for in 1697 he said in his Discourse that ‘The External Causes of this Disease are either violent motion of the Body, or more frequently vehement Agitations of the Mind by the Assaults of Grief, Anger, Fear and such like Passions.’ Sydenham was, of course, allowing for ‘internal causes’ as well, but the identification of these remained elusive. There is very little in Western literature on how to eat Chinese food. But his quick temper and naivete elicit behaviors from him that confirm the prophecy. Existentialism is a movement of 20th-century literature that focuses on the individual and his or her relationship with the universe or God.. From Italy the influence of the Renaissance spread at different rates to other countries, and continued to spread throughout Europe through the 17th century. African literature, literary works of the African continent. European literature includes literature in many languages; among the most important of the modern written works are those in English, Spanish, French, Dutch, Polish, Ukrainian, German, Italian, Modern Greek, Czech, Russian, Bosnian, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Finnish and Irish. [6] George R. Goethals, Scott T. Allison, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2012. a rediscovery of Greek and Roman literature occurred across Europe that eventually led to the development of the humanist movement in the 14th cent. Fragmented Structure. Eliot, James Joyce, … The period of high modernism is twenty years from 1910 to 1930. [9] [18] J.H. Our synthesis of relevant literature indicates that if EI is conceptualised as an ability and thus provides incremental validity for predicting socially relevant outcomes (Mayer et al., 2008: 503) then empirical support is tantamount. [9] Drinks will reflect this equally, and this will be explained later. The means of education, i.e., dialog, admonition, models, or guidance towards new insights, are not given simply on the basis of nature. The upper seat (if people sit south–north, then the west seat is the upper seat) was reserved only for the oldest or the most respected person, such as an officer of high position. Walter Cohen argues that the history of European literature and each of its standard periods can be illuminated by comparative consideration of the different literary languages within Europe and by the ties of European literature to world literature. Never mind the religious Reformation that created Protestantism, England's religious Renaissance was really sparked by a racy love affair between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. measures with highly skewed distributions will correlate more highly with each other than they will with measures with more normal distributions). THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD (c. 1066-1450 CE) In 1066, Norman French armies invade and conquer England under William I. Food offering is basic manners when dining with Chinese (Gray 2003). The aim of the European Union Prize for Literature (EUPL) is to put the spotlight on the creativity and diverse wealth of Europe’s contemporary literature in the field of fiction, to promote the circulation of literature within Europe and to encourage greater interest in non-national literary works. While the Cold War inspired American area studies projects, an East European focus could build on an earlier West European invention. Read this article to know about the characteristics of the medieval era, medieval literature themes, 3 characteristics of the medieval period, medieval literature. Some commentators suggest that EI or ESC (emotional social competencies) measures simply do not predict important outcomes very well, especially when personality and cognitive ability are taken into account. In the European literature on research ethics, considerable attention is paid to the ‘dignity’ of the human subject. The period of high modernism is twenty years from 1910 to 1930. There has been no regionally hegemonic language, like Russian was in the Soviet Union. Individuals with celiac disease, and their family members, often have other autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and thyroid disease [1]. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF LITERARY PERIODS . Hence, the construct itself has not yet positively impacted the valuing of teachers’ professional knowledge and practice. Many of the works of medieval literature are by unknown authors. One exception is 14th-century England, where a national literature made a brilliant showing in the works of William Langland, John Gower, and, above all, Geoffrey Chaucer. Islamic and Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant Christian religions dominate various parts of the regional landscape. Europeis one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. [9] It begins with the fall of the Roman Empire and ends at the beginning of the Renaissance. Prophesized to marry his mother and kill his father, Oedipus is banished from his land so as to avoid such a fate. Literature and cultural history are strongest, including politics, theology, Romance and Germanic philology, education, and the classics. J. Oelkers, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. His personal life and golf game were shattered and have never fully recovered. Usually food is put in the middle and people sit around it. November 28, 2015 space measures vis-à-vis expert evaluations). [18], It was a historical era with distinctive themes in learning, politics, literature, art, religion, social life, and music. In other words, pupils need to be goaded into conscious reflection. Beyond these groups who then had, or who would eventually have, East European states in their name, there were significant numbers of Jews, Turks, Gypsies/Rom, Italians, Carpatho-Rusyns, Szekelys, Friulians, Armenians, and other ethno-linguistic groups. Nevertheless, the results in the literature to date still have important implications for organisations. Renaissance literature refers to European literature which was influenced by the intellectual and cultural tendencies associated with the Renaissance. It is the teacher's task to encourage pupils to think for themselves, thus becoming aware of these timeless ideas. Europe is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea, to the southeast by the Caucasus Mountains and the Black Sea and the waterways connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. Generally described as taking The earliest Renaissance literature appeared in 14th century Italy; Dante, Petrarch, and Machiavelli are notable examples of Italian Renaissance writers. The effect of humanism on English literature was wide and far-reaching. [8] East European diversity has invited much finer breakdowns. [19] In central Europe, texts include early medieval grammars, encyclopedias, etc. Most significantly, the region's imperial heritage is diverse—with the Ottoman, Habsburg, Russian, and Prussian empires shaping the region's long nineteenth century, with enduring effect. " (58) He means that Milton was one of the authors who looked back at epic literature and adapted the conventions to a new time, a new social climate. Kingshott, in Asia Pacific Human Resource Management and Organisational Effectiveness, 2016. There also is no principal religious tradition in Eastern Europe, whose status Islam occupies in the definition of Middle Eastern and North African studies. The drive is, therefore, repressed and its energy converted into a hysterical symptom, which not only protects the patient from conscious awareness of the incestuous wishes, and hence from the anxiety that would otherwise result (primary gain), but simultaneously provides a symbolic expression of it (the rhythmic movements of a hysterical convulsion, for example, expressing the patient's coital fears or phantasies). Some of the high priests of the movement in literature are T.S. [19] [5] European literature refers to the literature of Europe. The literatures of Europe are compiled in many languages; among the most important of the modern written works are those in English, Spanish, French, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, German, Italian, Modern Greek, Czech, Russian, Macedonian, the Scandinavian languages, Gaelic and Turkish. During this period, society at every level underwent profound changes. War and industrialization seemed to … The predominant African languages used are Amharic, Zulu, Hausa, and Swahili. The idea that hysteria was a purely psychological disorder was introduced by Breuer and Freud (1896) in their famous Studies on Hysteria and contemporary opposition to their views owed almost as much to the abandonment of neurological pathology as it did to their novel and disturbing ideas about infantile sexuality. Diverse as they are, European literatures, like European languages, are parts of a common heritage. Scholars can look to Eastern contexts for inspiration and direction. Top Tag’s. The European Renaissance produced some of history's greatest writers and works of literature, yet many historians and critics disagree about when it … If future studies are to draw upon and learn from widely used ‘mind control’ practices within Eastern contexts, then it is imperative that ways of capturing and measuring these concepts, especially mindfulness, are methodologically sound. Shulman asserted that teachers had a unique way of looking at practice and his intrigue with the manner in which they did so encouraged an examination of teachers’ pedagogical thinking in ways that, it was anticipated, would reveal what teachers must know to best teach their content to their students. The first historical negation of the ‘teacher’ (of virtues; Plato 1999, 96a–c) is accompanied by a rejection of the teaching of virtues in favour of ‘divine providence’ (Plato 1999, 100a). [6] Zhouli, Yili and Liji were the three volumes of writing to record eating and banqueting etiquette. The host will continue to say ‘please have more’ and ‘please drink more’ throughout the session. To date, literature in the Eastern context on this particular point is scant, as is the paucity of investigations linking EI to actual job performance as a variable criterion (Joseph and Newman, 2010). But three characteristics seem to stand out and give it a flavor all its own. This article is part of the Eurostat online publication Tourism trips of Europeans providing recent statistics on tourism demand in the European Union (EU) and EFTA countries. The pioneer ideals of self-reliance and independence appear again and again in American writings. Woods dominated the golf world and appeared happily married until new stories revealed numerous extramarital affairs and a possible sex addiction. The term pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) was introduced by Lee Shulman in his presidential address to the American Educational Research Association (Shulman, 1986). This list breaks down Shakespeare’s plays by type. In its literature, England arguably has attained its most influential cultural expression. In fact, Carthage (in present-day Tunisia) was a colony founded by the Phoenicians. On this point, new medical science research is now revealing how parts of the brain explain the interconnections between emotive and rational based behaviours (Walter et al., 2011) and, when coupled with the psychological and sociological domains, potentially further explain aspects of leadership (Waldman et al., 2011). In reality, Westerners often perform poorly at a banquet table, and this is not just referring to whether they can use chopsticks. Individuals diagnosed with celiac disease benefit most from a team approach, which includes regular supervision by a physician, nutritional counseling by a dietitian, and access to support groups knowledgeable about celiac disease and the gluten-free diet. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. 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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767001753, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123942814000040, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128029282000412, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080448947006424, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767037256, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B008043076702324X, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444537768000027, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767033349, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781843345497500092, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081006436000038, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Nutritional Considerations in the Management of Gluten-Related Disorders*, Maureen M. Leonard, ... Alessio Fasano, in, Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease (Fourth Edition), Gluten-related disorder celiac disease (also spelled coeliac disease in the, International Encyclopedia of Education (Third Edition), Shulman's introduction of PCK, that is, his call for attention to the knowledge that teachers use and need to teach specific content, connects with a well-established tradition in the, Education: Phenomena, Concepts, and Theories, Handbook of the Economics of Art and Culture, Emerging HRM perspectives on emotional intelligence, mindfulness and neurobiological science on organisational effectiveness, Asia Pacific Human Resource Management and Organisational Effectiveness, Ashkanasy and Daus, 2002; Elfenbein and Ambady, 2002, Druskat and Wolff, 2001; Jordan and Ashkanasy, 2006, Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. Shulman's introduction of PCK, that is, his call for attention to the knowledge that teachers use and need to teach specific content, connects with a well-established tradition in the European literature on teaching and teacher education. Both epic literature and medieval texts have heroes who are rather straightforward and not that complex in their characterization, but people in the Early Modern times were interested in the minds of individuals, not the generic ideals of a stereotypical hero. English literature - English literature - The Renaissance period: 1550–1660: In a tradition of literature remarkable for its exacting and brilliant achievements, the Elizabethan and early Stuart periods have been said to represent the most brilliant century of all. For instance, the Soviet Union had its own complement of area studies. [5] [18] At the same time, pedagogical efforts are limited. Sir Benjamin Brodie established in the 1830s that the muscles and peripheral nerves of patients with hysterical paralyses or anaesthesias appeared quite normal when examined postmortem, and by the 1870s Sir James Paget was convinced that the problem was one of volition rather that of neurological pathology. In the past 20 years, a plethora of publications studying and integrating PCK into teacher education have been published in the research literature. When individuals with celiac disease ingest gluten, the result is malabsorption of sugars, proteins, fats, vitamins, and other minerals. With regard to the terminology, a distinction is to be made between educatio and eruditio. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Without the concept of the soul, education cannot be considered to have lasting ‘inner’ effects. Although researchers have thus began to push to find ways of examining what teachers know, still few concrete examples of PCK in subject areas have emerged. Such individual and group behaviour, if positive, will inevitably contribute to positive organisational outcomes. 3. These accomplishments lead others to argue that Europe itself should be understood as much from its east and especially its center as from its west (Sayer 1998). The resulting expansion of the world in the eyes of Europeans influenced Renaissance writers like Rabelais, whose Gargantua and Pantagruel incorporates fantastical islands that can be reached by ocean travel, and features very odd beings: "We got sight of a triangular island. The two areas are often understood as opposites, as was the case in ancient Sparta, and later in the theory of Rousseau. Shakespeare has been, without fail, the single most studied writer of the Renaissance, in part because his works synthesize many of the humanistic themes that Renaissance writers employed, which still ring true with many critics and audiences in the twenty-first century. The prose is often mythological or historical and can include tales of the trickster character. Eastern European Studies is, however, profoundly shaped by the culture of nations and nationalism. In the European literature on research ethics, considerable attention is paid to the ‘dignity’ of the human subject. It is why Chinese eat at round tables (Civitello 2007; Wang 1993). George Orwell. The trouble, of course, is that such labels can be misleading at best, and severely subjective and variable. (ii) The agreement applies equally well to the assessment of single artworks (Hamlet, the Pietà) and not just to the artistic geniuses who created them. P. Hosie, ... R.P.J. The most respected people or honourable guests, or the oldest adult, should start first (Cooper 1986). Evidence in the Western literature does, however, indicate an increasing awareness of the emotion–performance nexus (Hosie et al., 2012). This dream of a place where happiness reigns and sorrow is banished is the most persistent of human fantasies and became a recurrent theme in many other British literature works. The first area is that of moral education—in the wider sense a training of the body and the senses—whereas the second area is concerned with scholarly education and instruction. Hence, the result is malabsorption of sugars, proteins, fats vitamins. Effective measures to determine EI organisational outcomes are also required, politicking and business negotiations breaks. No simple cumulation of scholarly competencies in Eastern European Studies has not yet positively impacted the valuing teachers... 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