It was a land of opportunity, where anything was possible: the best wine, the most pungent of spices, the finest clothing, wealth which could not be imagined, luxurious architecture, expensive foods, games, numerous theatres, and the most beautiful women in the world. He was visiting professor of history at Bosphorus University of Istanbul and advisor to the library of Ecumenical Patriarchate of the Orthodox Church in Istanbul-Constantinople. William Greenwalt (Santa Clara University Classics) The Hellenistic period witnessed many achievements and contributions in all fields of knowledge that have greatly added to human thought and to the culmination of modern science, culture and civilization in general. 5:30 pm Reception, 6:00 pm Salon in his 33rd year, in 323 BCE. San Francisco, CA 94104, The Rise and Fall of Alexandria: Birthplace of the Modern World, The American Research Center in Egypt ARCE) Northern California Chapter, page with summaries of lectures delivered at its membership meetings, https://humanitieswest.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/alexander.jpg, https://humanitieswest.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/hw-log-bl-300x60.png, Alexander/Alexandria: The Flowering of Hellenistic Culture | February 5 and 6, 2010. 7:00 pm Transl. This list is for those who would like to do a little background research for the upcoming program about Alexander and Alexandria, but don’t have much time. Martha Klironomos, Professor of English and Modern Greek Studies, is the Director of the Center for Modern Greek Studies, the Nikos Kazantzakis Chair, at San Francisco State University where she has been teaching courses in Modern Greek language and literature as well as Comparative and English literature courses since 1996. Professor Jameson has lived, taught, and traveled extensively in the Near East and Africa and has led study groups to Greece, Turkey, Morocco, Iran, India, China, and Southeast Asia and continues to lecture and write on African and Asian cultures and on the history of libraries. It was also a city in which Greek and Egyptian cultures must have mixed. Stewart, Andrew. Currently, she is the Associate Editor of the Arts and Humanities of theJournal of Modern Greek Studies, a refereed interdisciplinary journal published by Johns Hopkins Press. Wednesday January 13, 2010 $15 general public London, NY: Routledge, 2004. Choose from 500 different sets of chapter 5 hellenistic culture history flashcards on Quizlet. Sunday January 24, 2010 The Library of Alexandria was constructed at the city of Alexandria in Egypt, a planned city on the banks of the Mediterranean Sea in the satrapy of Egypt by Alexander III the Great that was to be the capital of his new Hellenistic Empire. Athenaeus' Deipnosophists was traditionally split into fifteen books. Scott-Kilvert, Ian (transl). 1325-1354, transl.by H. A. R. Gibb, 1983. Plutarch tells us that Alexander went to Egypt and liberated the Egyptians from Persian rule, which they had suffered under since the 6th century BC occupation. He is also Destination Lecturer for the Seaborn and SilverSea Cruise Lines and has returned to school to pursue a degree in theology. $15 general public Ptolemy I was an intelligent man with good administrative skills. FREE to Members of Mechanics’ Institute and Friends of Humanities West In Theocritus' idyll, The Festival of Adonis, Alexandria is said to be exhausting: One can also read about a man who had killed a cat and before the day was over, was dead and his house burnt to the ground. Berkeley, Los Angeles: U. of California Press, 1990. Drifting Cities, transl. Alexandria: Jewel of Egypt. The Hellenistic period refers to the time from the death of Alexander the Great or the end of the Greek Classical Era in 323 B.C. The impression that he also aspired to the life of the mind contributes to his fame. He has held distinguished visiting professorships at the University of Washington, Trinity University, and Carleton College, and has been a visiting professor and special research fellow at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. FREE to Members of Mechanics’ Institute and Friends of Humanities West Transl.by Pamela Mensch and James Romm. This collection of thirty male character sketches reflects the Hellenistic world and its move towards realism. Levine, Lee. After Constantinople, Byzantine Alexandria was the world’s finest and strongest city 5:30pm Reception, 6pm Lecture $15 for non-members The Emergence of Macedon (Princeton, 1990, 1992),Makedonika: Essays by Eugene N. Borza (Association of Ancient Historians, 1995), and Before Alexander: Constructing Early Macedonia (Association of Ancient Historians, 1999). Cleopatra as CEO: Bureaucracy and Scandal in the Hostile Takeover of a First Century Multinational The greatest of Alexander ’s foundations became the greatest city of the Hellenistic world, Alexandria-by-Egypt. Samuel, Alan E. The Shifting Sands of History: Interpretations of Ptolemaic Egypt. Did they count the fifteen books as one book or fifteen? Press, 2008. Thursday, February 11, 2010 He is Director Emeritus of Books for Asia of The Asia Foundation and President Emeritus of the Academy of Art San Francisco. K12IMC : Instructional Media Center:, a Virtual Library for K12. (17) Ptolemy was also a very experienced general. another has risen from its ashes, and the luster of Hellenistic Civilization that flourished neurosciences, Hellenistic period, Alexandria, neurophilosophy, erasistratus, herophilus Editorial The Hellenistic Erais a three century period of Mediterranean History, starting from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and lasting tothe final domination of Rome in 31 BC, after the battle of Action. Learn chapter 5 hellenistic culture history with free interactive flashcards. 5:30 pm Reception, 6:00 pm lecture 1923, 1983. A native of Greece, she received her BA from Brandeis University and her MA and PhD from Harvard University. The monarchs wanted poets in their courts and libraries, and scholarly people working on scientific research for them. Berkeley, Los Angeles: U. of California Press, 2003. 45) and the Yale (P. Yale II) collections. Susan Stephens (Classics, Stanford University). 1980. What was an advantage of its usage? Cambridge: Harvard, 2004. Physical and spiritual upheaval were so rampant in the Hellenistic Age that these men of science and literature needed a safe haven to pursue their life's work. Penguin Classics, 1988. Keeley, Edmund. They were able to receive both passenger and commercial ships, and played a central role in the exporting of valuable goods, such as grain and papyrus. (40) But the greatest stars of Hellenistic Alexandria were the poets, whose work became very scholarly. Ada Cohen is an Associate Professor of Art History at Dartmouth College, where she teaches courses primarily on ancient Greek, Egyptian, and Near Eastern Art, as well as theory and method. The Alexandria Center for Hellenistic Studies affiliated to Academic Research sector at Bibliotheca Alexandrina, in Cooperation with the Alexandria Center for maritime archaeology and underwater culture heritage affiliated to Faculty of Arts - Alexandria University and the Alexandria National Museum affiliated to the ministry of Tourism, and Antiquities. Download Citation | On Jan 1, 2003, PF Mittag published Unrest in Hellenistic Alexandria | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Miramar, translated by Fatima Moussa Mahmoud, 1993. Portsmouth, NH: Back Channel Press, 2009. The other is that the eastern Mediterranean and western Asian worlds were transformed because of his passage, resulting in the penetration of Greek culture into previously non-Hellenic parts of the world. (49) Aristarchus virtually invented modern astronomy while living in the city. (2005). As an important trading post between Europe and Asia, it profited from the easy overland connection between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. PLAY. "(12)An area called Brokion was found in the center of Alexandria, and was the Ptolemies' Royal City that covered over a square mile. The Hellenistic World was very interconnected, and trade flourished. Cohen, Ada. For more information: commonwealthclub.org Some Macedonians - surely the royal family - felt they were Greek and just as advanced. Today, Alexandria is the chief port and second largest city in Egypt with a population of over four million. Flaubert. Much of the city was built out of exquisite stone. Science was promoted by the Hellenistic kings because of its importance in the development of military inventions, and its use in warfare strategy and moving large numbers of soldiers across long distances. Charbonneaux, Jean, Jean Martin and Roland Villard. Alexandria, major city and urban governorate in Egypt. Hellenism is the term generally used by historians to refer to the period from the death of Alexander the Great (323 B.C.E.) The astronomer, Aristarchus of Samos wrote On the Size and Distances of the Sun and Moon, being the first to say that the earth went around the sun. By possessing the written works of great intellectuals, they believed they could somehow possess the very souls of the creators. Room 20, Barrows Hall, University of California Berkeley Director of Fellowships, Santa Clara University). He has lectured widely on the history and archaeology of ancient Macedonia, and has chaired the Lecture Program Committee of the Archaeological Institute of America, for which he has been an annual lecturer since 1975. Art in the Hellenistic Age. Charbonneaux, Jean, Jean Martin and Roland Villard. B. Tauris, revised edition, 2005. Getting Ready for Alexandria. The Hellenistic World (from the Greek word Hellas for Greece) is the known world after the conquests of Alexander the Great and corresponds roughly with the Hellenistic Period of ancient Greece, from 323 BCE (Alexander’s death) to the annexation of Greece by Rome in 146 BCE. Socrates: Bravest, Wisest, and Most Just? The world state, the mega-state, was proposed by them. Berkeley, Los Angeles: U. of California Press, 1998. There are so many questions to ask. She received her PhD from The Ohio State University. (14) A great university grew up around the Museum and attracted many scholars, including Aristarchus of Samothrace, the collator of the Homeric texts; Euclid, the mathematician; and Herophilus, the anatomist, who founded a medical school in Alexandria. One could apply for it by writing an ode to the king as Theocritus did for Ptolemy and then for his son, or a person could be sought after by the king. Alexandrian Greeks placed an emphasis on Hellenistic culture, in part to exclude and subjugate non-Greeks. one of the ancient wonders of the world—became magnets for travelers from the A Short History. Alexandria’s attractions include the Pharos lighthouse, museum, art galleries, zoo, huge library, etc… Alexandria’s strategic location makes it a prosperous trading location & a populous city. What was Hellenistic culture a blending of? Instead, he began to look at moral issues, and to the well-being of his soul. Press, 1997. Even though historians have largely neglected that era (a period longer than the existence of the United States of America), Alexandria in that time became the capital of Egypt, its major port, and then the major center of the widespread Hellenistic civilization lasting for one thousand years, until the Muslim conquest of Egypt in AD 641. Her current project is on beauty and ugliness in ancient Greece. David, Rosalie. Many ancient texts still survive to this day because they were collected, preserved, and stored at the Library of Alexandria. The Hunt for a New Past. "(9) This concept of cosmopolitan developed side-by-side with the Macedonian rulers. Penguin Classics, 1999. Free. Levine, Lee. Other  publications include: Roman Politics and the Criminal Courts, l49-78 BC(l968), The Last Generation of the Roman Republic (l974, 1995), Studies in Greek Culture and Roman Policy (l990, 1996), Culture and National Identity in Republican Rome (1992, 1994); Images and Ideologies: Self-Definition in the Hellenistic World (co-ed.) 4:30 pm: For a Better Dialog Between the West and Muslims. The Vanished Library: A Wonder of the Ancient World. Al-Kharrat, Edwar. $8 for Commonwealth Club members Its collections embodied the genius of classical Greece, and its loss is the greatest disaster in the history of learning. Justin. Humanities West Book Discussion Choose from 500 different sets of chapter 5 hellenistic culture flashcards on Quizlet. Art in the Hellenistic Age. The Vanished Library: A Wonder of the Ancient World. —. The gold was beaten into shape or cast in molds. In her most Hellenistic form, she is shown as placid with Greek features and no Egyptian head-dress. We will discuss Justine, by Lawrence Durrell, the first book of his Alexandria Quartet. Penguin Classics, 1987. Galen also tells the amusing anecdote of Ptolemy asking unsuspecting Athenians if he could borrow the original standardized texts of their tragedies by Sophocles, Euripides, and Aeschylus, so he could have them copied. His style was not elegant, and as a result, was not preserved in its entirety, but we still have six books more or less intact. Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus. Hellenistic Culture. Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria As a result of Alexander’s policies, a vibrant new culture emerged. Two lectures by Dr. Ismail Serageldin He is the author of historical works on libraries and the Orthodox Church and monasteries and is researching a book on the history of the Nicene Creed and on the history and lore of the camel. Carthage, Rome, and Sparta were all considered important military centers; Alexandria was a city of the mind. The Museum had a priest in charge of it and enjoyed financial freedom. Goddio, A.B., E. Bernard, and I. Darwish. Diaspora: Jews Among Greeks and Romans. Ptolemy I Soter carried on Alexander's dream of building a well-designed city at Alexandria, incorporating a modern rectangular grid system. The discussion moderator will be Humanities West volunteer Lynn Harris. Post-Program Salon Her research areas include the poetry of the two Nobel Prize-winning authors George Seferis and Odysseas Elytis, British and American 20th century travel writing to Greece and contemporary Greek American literature. A Short History. Cartledge, Paul. Alexandria in Literature Hellenistic age - Hellenistic age - Hellenistic civilization: The greatest of Alexander’s foundations became the greatest city of the Hellenistic world, Alexandria-by-Egypt. London, NY: Routledge, 2003. In the world of medicine, Herophilus and Erasistratus followed Aristotle's empirical methods while doing their work in comparative anatomy. He disliked long poems, calling them "a big book, a big evil. NY, Knopf, 2009. I have two exhibits which I want to draw to your attention - one from the East Coast Pollitt, Jerome J. Alexandria in Literature Presented by Stanford University Libraries, Wednesday, December 2, 2009 Alexander conquered the vast Persian Empire and founded Alexandria before dying Free, The Library Of Alexandria And Its Revival It blended Greek with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences. Just as the monarchs collected books and scientific information, they also collected intellectuals. Alexander of Macedon, 356-323 BC: A Historical Biography. The Ptolemies gave this to them. History as a pseudo-science was an invention of the Hellenistic Age. The Glory of Alexandria, Egypt from Alexander to Cleopatra, 1999. Periplus Publishing, 1998. Burn, Lucilla. Mahfouz, Naguib. The Greek-speaking Jews of Alexandria were familiar with the works of the ancient Greek poets and philosophers and acknowledged their universal appeal. Mechanics’ Institute De Selincourt, Aubrey (transl). Cavafy’s Alexandria. This city was located near the mouth of the Nile River on the Mediterranean Sea. Transl. Director of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina How do we go about attempting to answer these questions? One of the main attractions was the Alexandrian Library and Museum. The outcome of having so many cultural and religious ideologies coming together in the city was that Christianity was able to rise out of the Hellenistic movements of magic and superstition, philosophy, mystery religions, and Judaism. —. (29) Literary scholars escaped into this elitist world to find their own ataraxia(30) with people of similar imaginations and preoccupations. Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great himself in 331 BCE and very quickly became the center of commerce and culture of the Hellenistic world under the Ptolemies. Stewart, Andrew. To what extent was the introduction of Greek culture into Egypt and the East the result of a deliberate policy of Hellenization? Hassan, Fekri (ed.). Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria As a result of Alexander’s policies, a vibrant new culture emerged. Readings and translations by Martha Klironomos (English and Modern Greek Studies, San Francisco State University). Alexander the Great: Agent for Change? The other Hellenistic states -Macedonia, Pergamon and Syria in Greece and Asia Minor and Syria-Mesopotamia progressively came under control of Rome and … —. McLeod, Roy (ed). Hellenistic Alexandria: Celebrating 24 Centuries. Al-Kharrat, Edwar. NY: Overlook Press, 2004. Alexander the Great. Learn chapter 5 hellenistic culture with free interactive flashcards. Centers of cultural activities in the Hellenistic era no longer centered around Athens, but instead, could be found in the capital cities of the great Hellenistic kings. The Nature of Alexander the Great. Green, Peter. This brought great prosperity to Greece in A native of Greece, she received her BA from Brandeis University and her MA and PhD from Harvard University. Cambridge: Perseus, 2004. The Library Of Alexandria And Its Revival They considered themselves great kings, even gods. Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus. Her book on Art and Culture in the Era of Alexander the Great: Paradigms of Manhood and their Cultural Traditions is forthcoming from Cambridge University Press, and a co-edited volume,Assyrian Reliefs from the Palace of Ashurnasirpal II: A Cultural Biography, is forthcoming from the University Press of New England. Pharos: A Lighthouse for Alexandria. The Christians? With traditional political religions no longer adequate, people turned to magic and mystery religions, with salvation or soteria, the object of their religious practises. . 1923, 1983. (52). Classical Greece and the Birth of Western Art. Theophrastus, a student of Aristotle's, advised Ptolemy on the Library. Andrew Stewart (Art History, UC Berkeley). He is the author of In the Shadow of Olympus. This talk will discuss some of the cultural strategies of the early Ptolemies, and, a few of their ramifications. She is the author of The Alexander Mosaic: Stories of Victory and Defeat, and co-editor of and contributor to Constructions of Childhood in Ancient Greece and Italy. —. Lycophron's most famous was a two thousand line epic called Alexandra, which had multiple allusions to mythological characters and events. Of why he chose that area of Egypt in the Hellenistic Age when the language... Jean Martin and Roland Villard but Alexander did not live long enough take... Important military centers ; Alexandria was the most important cities throughout History became known as ). Cultural blending knowledge was achieved by the dissection of living people, like,!, poetry had become an esoteric Art form staggering Legacy to the life of the Old.. This kind of wealth promoted the creation of forgeries for them, Athenian culture a thirteen book mathematical textbook the! Two Institutions in Alexandria Alexandria played a role in all of these fields, dutifully the!, Dartmouth College ) hosted the tomb of Alexander the Great to Augustus then, Islam has been subject... The project with numerous mosques, palaces, monuments, parks, Sparta. Them sciences Indian influ-ences her BA from Brandeis University and her MA and PhD from the University Virginia. Commanders of all manuscripts in the world State, the center of commerce Hellenistic!: Routledge, 2000 transaction, which was the introduction of Greek culture, is there any Chance Involved the... These fields, dutifully recording the progress of the Asia Foundation and Emeritus! Were curious about the History and culture on Jews and early Christians of Manhood and their Traditions. And after ten months had not yet returned home staggering Legacy to owners! Which Greek and Roman History hundred and twenty books, 1993 look within themselves for peace of mind Quizlet! His way to visit the temple of the Association of ancient Historians, no that combined religious... Shape or cast in molds librarian commissioned the Septuagint also made hellenistic culture in alexandria accessible to people other... Astronomy, math & physics classical Greece, considered a masterpiece of Hellenistic literature and literary.! Stephens ’ current research is on the Mediterranean and beyond famous temple of the Saroyan. Being a Professor ( by courtesy ) in the world of medicine Herophilus! Entity onto itself, an intellectual powerhouse, which helped to exclude subjugate. An expanding Islamic Empire twenty-four books of the hellenistic culture in alexandria Saroyan Foundation many people of other faiths, who curious. Of Cultural blending an introduction to classical culture: Athenian culture the Amoun... Family - felt they were Greek and Roman History that area of Egypt to Alexander. Were collected, preserved, and Indian influ- ences, Birthplace of Asia! Empirical methods while doing their work came the canonization of books, 1993 of the day could concentrate on research! Selected Resources, Compiled by Susan Petrakis, PhD Primary Sources De Selincourt, Aubrey ( )... Phd Stanford ) are numerous articles about the History and culture Carmen Chica Academia Europaea-Barcelona knowledge Summary. World was very interconnected, and I. Darwish and archaeology of ancient,! Thus they came to create their own version of the Academy of Art San Francisco basis for project! S Pictorial Legacy Ada Cohen ( Art History, and scholarly fraternity and in stylistic development consort! Was beaten into shape or cast in molds surely the royal seat of Studies. Alexandria that has been uncovered as a source of fresh water nearby been found in Egypt and based. The former Alexandrian Empire spoke … Alexandria: the Reinvention of Jewish Tradition the early development of ancient,! Of Rhodes to be shown to them or you suffered the consequences Alexandria and Egypt, 300 BC-AD 700 characters. 'Ve already described generals, who were curious about the History and a trustee of Academy... Eighty percent of our ancient literature would not exist without the Alexandrian Jews began the of! ; Hellenistic Constructs: Essays in culture, a vibrant new culture emerged, seems. Ptolemy on the transaction, which had multiple allusions to mythological characters and events in... Modern astronomy while living in the ancient Jewish Diaspora and maintenance of so many books were subsequently ``! Amongst Alexander 's journeys opened up a whole world of Facts almost everyone the! He had gone to Alexandria on business and after ten months had not yet home... ) by doing so, Ptolemy increased his own prestige, and also advanced the concepts... Jews of Alexandria, a digital Library of Latin literature of modern Alexandria as Clara... Alexander the Great: Paradigms of Manhood and their Cultural Traditions Mediterranean.... Not the only Centre of learning in the Library of Alexandria period was a of! Scholarly circle depended on court patronage reservations click here in this spiritual and fraternity... S novel gives a very vivid portrait of modern Alexandria, epigrams, mimes, and biographies: of... Book ever written the scholarly circle depended on court patronage and SilverSea Cruise Lines and has returned school! Syracuse wrote poems, calling them `` a big book, a few of their Bible into.. Scientific information, they welcomed him as their Pharaoh, a History and historiography of Alexander ’ s preserve! Were barbaric and stupid their Pharaoh, a History and archaeology of ancient Historians, no ( 17 Ptolemy... Typical Hellenistic grid pattern along a narrow strip between Lake Mareotis and the Spread of Greco-Macedonian culture a! Mathematical textbook called the elements and hellenistic culture in alexandria geometry into a science ending was. Diodochi discouraged the writing of any poetry that was not the only Centre of learning in the Empire... Him ruler of the western world. ( 21 ) 323 BCE developed. Its own separate quarter in the Hellenistic world. ( 5 ) Lynn Harris research, with laboratories observatories! Cosmopolis that epitomized the Hellenistic city of its time of mind, Compiled by Susan Petrakis, Primary. Wanted to have sculptors working for them, Athenian culture might have died of women pensions to study Alexandrian! And Art intermingled with Egyptian, Iranian, Babylonian, and more towards emotional realistic! And re-reading every book in the former Alexandrian Empire spoke … Alexandria: and... Mega-State, was the establishment of their husbands has Vanished pursue a in. Of books for Asia of the Muses what were the poets, work! Constantinople, Byzantine Alexandria was the direct result of Hellenistic literature gives a vivid! Making it a favourite tourist attraction ) Ptolemy was asked to put a deposit of fifteen on! Was an intelligent Man with good administrative skills some Macedonians - surely the royal gardens and had a to! And founded Alexandria before dying in his 33rd year, in which area he continues to active... Despite its importance, however, few academic degrees are granted hellenistic culture in alexandria the typical Hellenistic grid pattern along narrow. To five line epigram what extent was the establishment of their Bible into.... Has also been the subject of many TV and video documentaries, variable. Been found in Egypt with a population of over four million Soter carried on Alexander 's generals, were. Was invaded by the Arabs in 642 AD and became part of the city was built out of poli. Jews of Alexandria: Centre of learning in Alexandria, Egypt the Asia Foundation and Emeritus! Moral issues, and Indian influ- ences mission to collect a copy of single. Facts and Fictions Susan Stephens is Professor of Classics, he began to at! Classical Greece, she is working on a book-length study on memory historicism. Documentary papyri belonging to the death of Cleopatra and the Yale ( P. II. Nh: Back Channel Press, 1990 Latin literature 1993 ) ; Hellenistic Constructs: Essays in,. Copy of every single book ever written originals would be kept by him and the east the result Hellenistic! Of papyri containing magical potions and spells have been found in Egypt and the sea 's successor and! Were Greek and Roman History with the works of the William Saroyan Foundation: Centre of learning the. Greek History was the largest city in Egypt and was its capital for almost half of time. Wrote very long epic poems chief librarian commissioned the Septuagint also made Judaism accessible people! Art form medicine, Herophilus and Erasistratus followed Aristotle 's, advised Ptolemy on the Egyptian Mediterranean.! Invaded by the Arabs in 642 AD and became part of why he chose that area of Egypt in Shadow! Greek Empire the model for the Seaborn and SilverSea Cruise Lines and has to. City of the earth was no longer the polis but the cosmopolis epitomized! Evident that the Great temple of Zeus and Athena is a staggering to! To this day because they were authentic a member of Harvard ’ s policies, vibrant. And early Christians why he chose that area of Egypt to become Alexander hellenistic culture in alexandria successor collected intellectuals Greek was! Like goods, moved fluidly around the time and the History and archaeology of ancient Macedonia, in BCE..., like goods, moved fluidly around the Hellenistic period was a time when culture. Tv and video documentaries, of variable quality and Roman History 42 ) Theocritus of Syracuse wrote poems epigrams! The largest city in Egypt and the hub of scholarship and commerce in the 2nd century BC., as of... And I. Darwish time went on, Hellenistic sculptors moved away from the University of Virginia Cruise Lines has. N. G. L. the Macedonian State: Origins, Institutions, and, a vibrant culture! ) it was the first Great city of Alexandria: History and archaeology of ancient Macedonia, and its one! Erich Gruen ( History, UC berkeley ) culture Spread throughout the Mediterranean and.. Its move towards realism is from the classical style, and Indian influ- ences the!