This preview shows page 18 - 24 out of 24 pages. Conversion of Bacterial cell to a Phage Factory 4. Name and describe 3 ways that genetic material gets into bacterial cells. Further investigations revealed that Duncan had just returned from Liberia, one of the countries in the midst of a severe Ebola epidemic. (credit a: modification of work by Erskine Palmer and B.G. Since Ebola is often fatal, the panel reasoned that it is ethical to give the unregistered drugs and unethical to withhold them for safety concerns. These stages include. Briefly explain the difference between the mechanism of entry of a T-even bacteriophage and an animal virus. Figure 8. However, some viruses can only be transferred by a specific type of insect vector; for example, a particular virus might be transmitted by aphids but not whiteflies. About 10 to 12 days postinfection, the disease resolves and the virus goes dormant, living within nerve-cell ganglia for years. However, some conditions (e.g., ultraviolet light exposure or chemical exposure) stimulate the prophage to undergo induction, causing the phage to excise from the genome, enter the lytic cycle, and produce new phages to leave host cells. (b) After a period of latency, the virus can reactivate in the form of shingles, usually manifesting as a painful, localized rash on one side of the body. During infection a phage attaches to a bacterium and inserts its genetic material into the cell. Viruses capable of latency may initially cause an acute infection before becoming dormant. The provirus stage is similar to the prophage stage in a bacterial infection during the lysogenic cycle. Only a minority of plant viruses have other types of genomes. Adsorption 2. Is RNA-dependent RNA polymerase made from a viral gene or a host gene? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for the phage. After binding to host receptors, animal viruses enter through endocytosis (engulfment by the host cell) or through membrane fusion (viral envelope with the host cell membrane). During the process of excision from the host chromosome, a phage may occasionally remove some bacterial DNA near the site of viral integration. Examples of this are demonstrated by the poliovirus, which exhibits tropism for the tissues of the brain and spinal cord, or the influenza virus, which has a primary tropism for the respiratory tract. What aspect of the life cycle of a virus leads to the sudden increase in the growth curve? If a genome is ssDNA, host enzymes will be used to synthesize a second strand that is complementary to the genome strand, thus producing dsDNA. Inside the bacterium, viral DNA replicates and creates necessary components and enzymes to make new many bacteriophages. The incubation time for Ebola ranges from 2 days to 21 days. During the lytic cycle of viral replication, the virus hijacks the host cell, degrades the host chromosome, and makes more viral genomes. Why can’t there be specialized transduction with a lytic virus? Is a latent phage undetectable in a bacterium? The newly synthesized +ssRNA copies can then be translated by cellular ribosomes. The lytic cycle (/ ˈ l ɪ t ɪ k / LIT-ik) is one of the two cycles of viral reproduction (referring to bacterial viruses or bacteriophages), the other being the lysogenic cycle.The lytic cycle results in the destruction of the infected cell and its membrane. This, along with Duncan’s initial misdiagnosis, made it clear that US hospitals needed to provide additional training to medical personnel to prevent a possible Ebola outbreak in the US. Most phages have a narrow host range and may infect one species of bacteria or one strain within a species. To understand the process of … If no viable host cells remain, the viral particles begin to degrade during the decline of the culture (see Figure 8). The phages infecting these bacteria carry the toxin genes in their genome and enhance the virulence of the host when the toxin genes are expressed. In Transduction, DNA is transferred from one cell to another through the agency of viruses. Most plant viruses are transmitted by contact between plants, or by fungi, nematodes, insects, or other arthropods that act as mechanical vectors. Which of the following leads to the destruction of the host cells? Attachment is the first stage in the infection process in which the phage interacts with specific bacterial surface receptors (e.g., lipopolysaccharides and OmpC protein on host surfaces). Or should the drugs perhaps be reserved for health-care providers working to contain the disease? For example, the varicella-zoster virus infects many cells throughout the body and causes chickenpox, characterized by a rash of blisters covering the skin. The chief difference that next appears in the viral growth curve compared to a bacterial growth curve occurs when virions are released from the lysed host cell at the same time. Transduction a bacterial virus transfers dna from one. Viruses containing −ssRNA must first use the −ssRNA as a template for the synthesis of +ssRNA before viral proteins can be synthesized. During dormancy, viruses do not cause any symptoms of disease and may be difficult to detect. Given the great suffering and high mortality rates, it is fair to ask whether unregistered and untested medications are better than none at all. How was transformation discovered? must first be converted to a mRNA before it can be translated. During lysogeny, the prophage will persist in the host chromosome until induction, which results in the excision of the viral genome from the host chromosome. In specialized transduction—DNA from a specific region of the host chromosome is integrated directly into the virus genome, usually replacing some of the virus genes. r/explainlikeimfive: Explain Like I'm Five is the best forum and archive on the internet for layperson-friendly explanations. Bacteriophages have lytic and lysogenic cycles. Transduction seems to play an important role in the evolutionary process of bacteria, giving them a mechanism for asexual exchange of genetic information. It is capable of attaching to the bacterial cell wall and injecting its DNA to the bacterium. Virus - Virus - Viral DNA integration: Many bacterial and animal viruses lie dormant in the infected cell, and their DNA may be integrated into the DNA of the host cell chromosome. Figure 6. Others become proviruses by integrating into the host genome. Environmental stressors such as starvation or exposure to toxic chemicals may cause the prophage to be excised and enter the lytic cycle. As it assembles and packages DNA into the phage head, packaging occasionally makes a mistake. Answer a. Transduction is the name for the transfer of genetic information from one bacterium to another bacterium by a phage. Since the DNA transferred by the phage is not randomly packaged but is instead a specific piece of DNA near the site of integration, this mechanism of gene transfer is referred to as specialized transduction (see Figure 3). Specialized transduction is made possible by an error in the lysogenic life cycle of phages that insert their genomes into a specific site in the host chromosome. However, if a virus contains a −ssRNA genome, the host ribosomes cannot translate it until the −ssRNA is replicated into +ssRNA by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) (see Figure 5). HIV is an example of a virus that produces a chronic infection, often after a long period of latency. T-even phage is a good example of a well-characterized class of virulent phages. For lytic viruses, _________________ is a phase during a viral growth curve when the virus is not detected. Don't Panic! The virus life cycle is complete when it is transmitted from an infected plant to a healthy plant. Once a person becomes infected with HIV, the virus can be detected in tissues continuously thereafter, but untreated patients often experience no symptoms for years. Plant viruses may be enveloped or non-enveloped. Temperate phages, on the other hand, can become part of a host chromosome and are replicated with the cell genome until such time as they are induced to make newly assembled viruses, or progeny viruses. Persistent infection occurs when a virus is not completely cleared from the system of the host but stays in certain tissues or organs of the infected person. Partin—scale-bar data from Matt Russell; credit b: modification of work by Rosmarie Voegtli). An integrated phage excises, bringing with it a piece of the DNA adjacent to its insertion point. The viruses that carry out specialized transduction are called lysogenic viruses. Answer d. Reverse transcriptase is brought into a cell by HIV. In a lysogenic cycle, the phage genome also enters the cell through attachment and penetration. There are five stages in the bacteriophage lytic cycle (see Figure 1). Transduction is a biological phenomenon by which genetic material (DNA) is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus. What is the name for the transfer of genetic information from one bacterium to another bacterium by a phage? The RdRP is brought in by the virus and can be used to make +ssRNA from the original −ssRNA genome. Duncan could conceivably have transmitted the disease to others at any time after he began having symptoms, presumably some time before his arrival at the hospital in Dallas. Transduction occurs when a bacteriophage transfers bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another during sequential infections. However, one of the nurses charged with Duncan’s care did become infected. Virus-mediated transfection, also known as transduction, offers a means to reach hard-to-transfect cell types for protein overexpression or knockdown, and it is the most commonly used method in clinical research (Glover et al., 2005; Pfeifer and Verma, 2001). Figure 5. Share it! School Virginia Tech; Course Title BIOL 2604; Type. Which phage life cycle is associated with which forms of transduction? The second stage of infection is entry or penetration. An enzyme from HIV that can make a copy of DNA from RNA is called _________________. Whereas chickenpox affects many areas throughout the body, shingles is a nerve cell-specific disease emerging from the ganglia in which the virus was dormant. On the other hand, is it ethical to withhold potentially life-saving drugs from dying patients? Eventually, the damage to the immune system results in progression of the disease leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The resulting defective transducing phage (temperate phage) particles now have bacterial DNA as a part of genome. HIV, an enveloped, icosahedral retrovirus, attaches to a cell surface receptor of an immune cell and fuses with the cell membrane. Ebola virus is transmitted through direct contact with droplets of bodily fluids such as saliva, blood, and vomit. As it assembles and packages DNA into the phage head, packaging occasionally makes a mistake. However, others may have ssDNA, dsRNA, or ssRNA genomes. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Hepatitis C virus and HIV are two examples of viruses that cause long-term chronic infections. What is the structure and genome of a typical plant virus? Figure 7. Such an occurrence is called a burst, and the number of virions per bacterium released is described as the burst size. What is the difference between generalized and specialized transduction? (a) Varicella-zoster, the virus that causes chickenpox, has an enveloped icosahedral capsid visible in this transmission electron micrograph. March 18, 2005. To establish a systemic infection, the virus must enter a part of the vascular system of the plant, such as the phloem. Discuss some methods by which plant viruses are transmitted from a diseased plant to a healthy one. Test Prep. Similar, and at times, confusing, understanding the difference between both these cycles depends largely on studying each of them individually. The process in which a bacterium is infected by a temperate phage is called lysogeny. Many viruses target specific hosts or tissues. This flowchart illustrates the mechanism of specialized transduction. Bacteriophage T7 The Lytic Life Cycle 1. What are 2 ways it can occur? During this time, the virus does not kill the nerve cells or continue replicating. Answer b. His condition had deteriorated and additional blood tests confirmed that he has been infected with the Ebola virus. The dsDNA can now be replicated, transcribed, and translated similar to host DNA. Temperate phages replicate via both lytic and lysogenic cycles. Name and describe 3 ways that genetic material gets into bacterial cells, 25 out of 30 people found this document helpful. On September 24, 2014, Thomas Eric Duncan arrived at the Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital in Dallas complaining of a fever, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea—symptoms commonly observed in patients with the cold or the flu. Some viral infections can be chronic if the body is unable to eliminate the virus. These "generalized" DNA can be carried to a new host •Specialized transduction: Temperate phage: incorporates into host's chromosome. The excised DNA is then packaged into a new virus particle, which can then deliver the DNA to a new bacterium, where the donor genes can be inserted into the recipient chromosome or remain in the cytoplasm, depending on the … The timeline of the Duncan case is indicative of the life cycle of the Ebola virus. Nine days passed between Duncan’s exposure to the virus infection and the appearance of his symptoms. Do RNA or DNA genomes typically have more mutations? Transfection and transduction methods are optimal for different types of experiments. Answer d. A virus obtains its envelope during release. Public health officials were able to track down 10 high-risk individuals (family members of Duncan) and 50 low-risk individuals to monitor them for signs of infection. Genetic transfer of host gene by bacteriophage occurs in two ways-generalized transduction and specialized transduction.In generalized transduction, virtually any genetic marker can be transferred from donor to recipient cell but it occurs at a low frequency. A temperate bacteriophage has both lytic and lysogenic cycles. The growth curve of bacteriophage populations is a, Bacteriophages transfer genetic information between hosts using either. Transduction is a mechanism which transfers DNA from one bacterium to another bacterium by a bacteriophage. In eukaryotic cells, most DNA viruses can replicate inside the nucleus, with an exception observed in the large DNA viruses, such as the poxviruses, that can replicate in the cytoplasm. After entering the host cell, the virus synthesizes virus-encoded endonucleases to degrade the bacterial chromosome. After examination, an emergency department doctor diagnosed him with sinusitis, prescribed some antibiotics, and sent him home. Examples of viruses that cause latent infections include herpes simplex virus (oral and genital herpes), varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox and shingles), and Epstein-Barr virus (mononucleosis). A prime example of a phage with this type of life cycle is the lambda phage. In the lysogenic cycle, phage DNA is incorporated into the host genome, forming a prophage, which is passed on to subsequent generations of cells. The burst size is the maximum number of virions produced per bacterium. Must exist as a prophage. Two days later, Duncan returned to the hospital by ambulance. There are two types of transduction: generalized and specialized transduction. Abstract. By themselves, viruses do not encode for all of the enzymes necessary for viral replication. In many cases these viruses express genes that keep the viral DNA dormant; that is, the virus does not im… The one-step multiplication curve for a bacteriophage population follows three steps: 1) inoculation, during which the virions attach to host cells; 2) eclipse, during which entry of the viral genome occurs; and 3) burst, when sufficient numbers of new virions are produced and emerge from the host cell. specialized transduction with a lytic virus? Distinguish between F+, F-, and Hfr strains. Of 24,666 suspected or confirmed cases reported, 10,179 people died.[1]. For additional information about Ebola, please visit the CDC website. Each time the host chromosome is duplicated, so is the integrated viral DNA. In what two ways can a virus manage to maintain a persistent infection? The two primary categories of persistent infections are latent infection and chronic infection. Assembly/Packaging into viral particles 6. This video illustrates the stages of the lysogenic life cycle of a bacteriophage and the transition to a lytic phase. What is the typical mutation rate per base pair? Virulent phages replicate via the lytic cycle. Depending on the type of nucleic acid, cellular components are used to replicate the viral genome and synthesize viral proteins for assembly of new virions. Specialized transduction occurs at the end of the lysogenic cycle, when the prophage is excised and the bacteriophage enters the lytic cycle. Plant viruses may have a narrow or broad host range. During the initial stage, an inoculum of virus causes infection. Viruses are strict parasites with extremely simple organisation just the genetic material either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. Since this donor DNA is not viral DNA, it does not replicates inside recipient bacteria but undergoes homologous recombination with … Polymerase genes are usually expressed early in the cycle, while capsid and tail proteins are expressed later. An alternative mechanism for viral nucleic acid synthesis is observed in the retroviruses, which are +ssRNA viruses (see Figure 6). Viral infection can be asymptomatic (latent) or can lead to cell death (lytic infection). If a phage is in the lysogenic phase, it's DNA will stay in the bacterial genome … The lytic is the viral reproductive cycle in which a virus takes over all metabolic activities of a cell; replicates many times and destroy its host cell. Its double-stranded DNA genome becomes incorporated in the host DNA. Transduction Definition: Gene transfer from a donor to a recipient by way of a bacteriophage Unlike transformation in which the naked DNA is transferred in transduction DNA is carried by a bacteriophage. Why can’t there be specialized transduction with a lytic virus? Discuss the difference between generalized and specialized transduction. It is not clear why the virus stops replicating within the nerve cells and expresses few viral proteins but, in some cases, typically after many years of dormancy, the virus is reactivated and causes a new disease called shingles (Figure 7). The ssDNA is then made into dsDNA, which can integrate into the host chromosome and become a permanent part of the host. As the bacterium replicates its chromosome, it also replicates the phage’s DNA and passes it on to new daughter cells during reproduction. Both transfection and transduction can lead to a transient or stable expression of DNA into cells, depending on the method or the viral tool. RNA viruses that infect animal cells often replicate in the cytoplasm. Virulent phages show generalized transduction, and they are … Label the five stages of a bacteriophage infection in the figure: World Health Organization. The DNA can then recombine with host chromosome, giving the latter new characteristics. Answer b. However, unlike prophage, the provirus does not undergo excision after splicing into the genome. Figure 9. So in transduction theres two types, generalized and specilized.. Transduction is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus or viral vector. During the lytic cycle of viral replication, the virus hijacks the host cell, degrades the host chromosome, and makes more viral genomes. Life cycles of bacteriophages. None contracted the disease. What types of training can prepare health professionals to contain emerging epidemics like the Ebola outbreak of 2014? Phage have a very simple structure (Figure 1). It then hijacks the host cell to replicate, transcribe, and translate the necessary viral components (capsomeres, sheath, base plates, tail fibers, and viral enzymes) for the assembly of new viruses. Figure 3. During the lytic cycle of viral replication, the virus hijacks the host cell, degrades the host chromosome, and makes more viral genomes. The phage head and remaining components remain outside the bacteria. Plant viruses are more similar to animal viruses than they are to bacteriophages. How does reverse transcriptase aid a retrovirus in establishing a chronic infection? An enzyme from HIV that can make a copy of DNA from RNA is called. Their genetic material is contained in a prism shaped head, surrounded by a protein capsid. 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