The thematic part of the ORFEO accompaniment program covers a large range of applications, and aims at specifying and validating products and services required by users. The linear part can be computed by different calibration techniques. The heliacal (near dawn) rising of the Pleiades in spring of the Northern Hemisphere has marked from ancient times the opening of seafaring and farming seasons, as the morning setting of the group in autumn signified the seasons' ends. It may take a long time to get the required scenes with no cloud, whilst atmospheric corrections need simultaneous measurements that are not always possible. 49) 50) 51) 52) 53). The Pléiades also share the same orbital plane as the SPOT 6 and 7, forming a larger constellation with 4 satellites, 90° apart from one another.[5]. 42). No light spreading due to blooming. (image credit: CNES Distribution Astrium/SPOT Image), Figure 17: Re-floating operation of the Costa Concordia. The instrument includes also an internal shutter to protect it from sun radiation in non-operational phases such as launch, attitude acquisition, or safe modes. Designed as a dual civil/military system, Pléiades will meet the space imagery requirements of European defence as well as civil and commercial needs. after lift-off at an altitude of 610 km. The latter information is enhanced data, compared to the “a priori” one, because it contains the computed Star Tracker data. The optical assembly consists of an on-axis part (M1 + M2 collector mirrors) and an off-axis part (M3 + MR mirrors) feeding the different focal planes. The shutter is placed behind the primary mirror to protect only the tertiary mirror and the detection cavity. This plate provides the vertical stiffness required by the launcher. As these landmarks give the true location of the line of sight, a block adjustment of several images is performed to determine the alignment bias that minimize the location error. The PAN detection electronics is divided in 3 blocks: • 1 block which includes 2 MVPs and 1 MSP, • 1 block which includes 1 MVP (associated to the panchromatic detector in the center of the focal plane) and 1 MSP. Pleiades-HR (High-Resolution Optical Imaging Constellation of CNES). Each Pléiades Neo satellite, based on the Airbus S950 optical platform, will add half a million km² of imagery per day to Airbus’ catalogue, and bring first rate performance: Higher agility for increased scene acquisition density over area of interest and stereo imaging, thanks to Control Momentum Gyroscopes and compact design The dual service concept is seen in the data requirements of the defense and civilian communities with an option of a daily revisit capability. Several key issues such as response to crisis, urban planning, human pressure on coastlines, watershed cartography, forest management are thoroughly studied. The solar array size is minimized by using high-efficiency triple-junction cells. A dedicated supporting truss structure ensures the instrument interface with respect to the bus. Intermediate products (level-2) are: Mosaicked imagery, DTM (Digital Terrain Model) extracted from stereo pairs. An efficient way to bypass the quest of uniformity is to use the satellite agility in order to align the ground projection of the scan-line on the ground velocity. Covering swath width of 20 kilometers, Pléiades' photos could reveal details as small as 0.5 meters. 8) 9). Some contributors cannot be modelled and must be minimized by design, like sensor noises. - The launch of the Pleiades-1B spacecraft is planned for the end of 2012 (Ref. A high agility requires a very compact design, with a few stiff appendages. Spot Image and Infoterra joined forces within Astrium Geo-Information Services to offer a consolidated product and services portfolio under the Astrium brand. The focal plane assembly consists of two symmetrical arrangements of Pan and MS detectors. • Users can consult the civilian images catalog, submit requests and receive the ordered products, • All civilian requests are centralized by Astrium Geo- Information Services, • Astrium Geo- Information Services insures the civilian antenna management as well as the reception and the archiving of raw data received from satellites. Each user center is able to manage the user image acquisition requests and product generations, they include: 60) 61) 62) 63) 64), - An X-band antenna for data acquisition, 3-channel signal demodulation and ingestion system, - An image processing unit to inventorize, catalog, and archive the data, and to produce imaging products, - A programming unit to manage the mission planning requests. In this way, the complete ground station visibility is used to downlink imagery. The third and last phase of the ORFEO program, the PUTC (Pleiades Users Thematic Commissioning) phase, started in March 2012. Ground tests are also mandatory to check the right signs of all the signed data : for example, the right sign of the TDI line transfer is compared to the expected velocity of the scene due to the satellite motion. The ground location accuracy of the imagery is 10 m for a 90% probability ground circular error without GCP (Ground Control Points). In addition to images of well-characterized landscapes that have been used for years and continuously improved thanks to previous satellites commissioning, the Pleiades project has been taken many images of the Moon since the launch. Three high-accuracy star trackers (STR) are used for attitude sensing, with separate optical heads. : Pléiades, earth observation, optical, satellite, agility, performances. The Pan band employs PhotoMOS-type CCDs [note: the PhotoMOS relays have LED inputs and MOSFET outputs that provide input-to-output isolation - comparing favorable with the isolation obtained from EMRs (Electromechanical Relay)]. 2) The French and Spanish Defence Mission Centers serve the defence users of each country. In this framework, the Italian and French Governments started a cooperation with the goal of Earth observation for dual-use applications (military and civil) with SAR and optical instruments based on the on-going COSMO-SkyMed and Pléiades small satellite programs, respectively. The importance of a collaborative work between the different thematic working groups has been privileged in order to maximize the efficiency for the key thematic studies (i.e Green and Blue Corridors) and to gather the data acquisition over multi-thematic sites. About 70 geographical sites related to almost 130 thematic studies have been selected in the framework of PUTC. Pléiades 1A and 1B are the newest high-res optical imaging satellites, operating as a constellation in the same orbit, phase 180° apart. One MVP is able to process up to 10 CCD outputs, at a maximum pixel rate of 10 Mpixel/s. 43), 1) Astrium Geo-Information Services is the civil operator of Pleiades. Cartography, geology, agriculture, forest, hydrology, Table 8: Optical system identification for possible user needs, The Pleiades ground segment is composed of a set of user centers located in France, Sweden, Spain and, optionally, in Italy, all of them being interfaced with a dual center in France. Figure 9: Photo of the ASAP-S dispenser structure (image credit: Arianespace), Legend to Figure 9: The ASAP-S structure is based on a massive rigid low plate made of alloy, which provides the interface with the launcher and supports the propulsion system. In addition, today, with comprising 12 satellites plus partner satellites as well, coupled with exceptional agility, they will soon be accompanied by Pléiades Neo and CO3D. Pleiades Satellite Image Data. Each line array has a pixel pitch of 52 µm. It also provides the onboard time and the PPS (Pulse Per Second) count needed to synchronize the system. Pleiades-IA is the first satellite of the Pleiades constellation. They follow the exact same path as SPOT-6 and 7. The overall objective of HMA is to establish a harmonized access to heterogeneous EO (Earth Observation) missions’ data from multiple mission ground segments, including national missions and the GMES/Sentinel missions. The compression module and the SSR are physically in one equipment referred to as COME (COmpresseur MEmoire). More than 500 Pleiades acquisitions have been requested by users. In radiometric image quality, in-flight normalization and signal-to-noise ratio are classically performed thanks to uniform expanses of snow-covered scenes, absolute calibration is computed on reference photometric sites with a simultaneous atmosphere characterization, the MTF is measured on knife-edge ground patterns. As a global, integrated company, the GEO-Information division of Astrium Services implemented this new organization with a single vision in mind: to better respond to the needs of customers. Solid state FOG (Fiber Optic Gyrometers), Astrix 200 of EADS Astrium-Xspace, are used to ensure high-accuracy attitude determination while maneuvering. Table 2: Data distrubution concept of the Pleiades program. Mission Status of SPOT-6 and of SPOT-7 (Azersky): • January 30, 2018: Airbus has launched near real-time satellite imagery capabilities together with its 24/7 Emergency Image Delivery Service to aid those facing emergency situations. The orbit has been selected in order to minimize the revisit time with either one or two satellites in orbit. On Jan. 29, 2001, an intergovernmental agreement (memorandum of understanding) was signed during the Turin meeting between the heads of government of Italy (Guiliano Amato) and France (Lionel Jospin). The Pleiades project has also regularly acquired imagery of stars since the launch. The GMES program, an EU and EC initiative, with its multiple EO missions and data handling concepts by the various national entities within this program, implied no other way but to start the HMA initiative, a coordination effort of standard interfaces for the benefit of all parties involved (ESA, CNES, DLR, EUMETSAT, ASI, INTA, CSA, DMCii, etc.) Therefore, a preprocessing is applied on a large number of stars to interlace each elementary response to produce a well sampled one. The new capabilities offered by PLEIADES-HR agility allowed to imagine new methods of image calibration and performance assessment. Its comprehensive portfolio means Airbus is able to provide the right satellite and system for every customer – whether they need a weather-independent data source, a small constellation for high-frequency revisits, very high-resolution imagery or even all of the above (and more) in a single system. The X-band antenna employs a corrugated horn (omni-directional) with a 64º aperture. Figure 34: Overview of the major ground segment partners of the Pleiades program (image credit: CNES), Figure 35: Alternate view of the Pleiades ground system architecture (image credit: CNES). As a consequence, the instrument is integrated inside the bus. Figure 39: Example of AMETHIST PAN and XS images (image credit: CNES). 31): - to ensure a good reactivity of the system in order to satisfy the urgent needs, - to minimize scheduling conflicts within the dual use framework, - to acquire image in any direction following, for example, coastlines or river routes as so to optimize programming for instance in a crisis case (flooding, tsunami, etc. 15) Note: 200 m pointing accuracy refers to “a priori accuracy.” It means that when trying to acquire a target, one must take a 200 m margin in order to be sure to include it. The MS detectors output at the same frequency their video data. Looking for alternate methods that need less usage of ground references is therefore an issue of importance. Starting with the first launch in 2009, the Pleiades program will follow the SPOT program satellite series services, with the following overall objectives: • Provision of an optical high-resolution panchromatic (0.7 m) and multispectral (2.8 m) imagery with high quality product standards in terms of resolution, MTF (0.2 at system level), and a high image location accuracy, • Global coverage and a daily observation accessibility to any point on Earth, • Service provision of so-called “level-2 products” to customers consisting of a panchromatic image with a merged multispectral image orthorectified on a DTM (Digital Terrain Matrix), • Provision of stereo imagery (up to 350 km x 20 km or 150 km x 40 km) and mosaic imagery of size up to 120 km x 120 km, • More than 250 images/day are expected from each spacecraft of the constellation, • The constellation is required to support risk management support services in terms of observation coverage (this requires an agile S/C design, a responsive operational concept, and a sufficient ground segment). The Kiruna station enables to daily receive the Pleiades images, in complement of the Toulouse station; it is managed as a RIRS. Image data are time-tagged in this unit. These new calibration methods will reduce many time-consuming activities because they often provide a closer access to the final performance without external data. The Pleiades constellation will be composed of two very high-resolution optical Earth- • Astrium Geo- Information Services also manages a network of regional image receiving stations (RIRS). 1. The main design drivers for the S/C architecture were “satellite pointing agility and image location accuracy.” Agility requires a very compact S/C design; hence, the imaging instrument is integrated inside the bus. 3) CNES hosts the dual control center (civil and military). 28). Figure 22: Image of Bora Bora Island in Polynesia observed by Pleiades-1A on January 3, 2012 (image credit: CNES) 46), • The Pleiades-1A satellite imager captured the first panchromatic satellite images 3 days after its successful launch from the Kourou launch site (French Guiana) via a Russian Soyuz ST rocket on December 16, 2011. The industrial team consists of the following partners: • Thales Alenia Space, France: Instrument, telescope, detection unit, telescope structure & thermal control, video electronics, video power supply, harness, • Thales Alenia Space España: Instrument service module, • Sener: Shutter, detection unit structure & thermal control, • E2V (Chelmsford, UK): Pan & MS CCD imaging detectors, • SESO (Société Européenne de Systèmes Optiques), France: telescope mirror manufacturing, • EADS Sodern: FPA (Focal Plane Assembly), Figure 24: Illustration of the HiRI instrument (image credit: CNES), CCD detector array with TDI (Time Delay Integration) mode of operation and anti-blooming structure. Pleiades data acquisition modes and performance capability: The agile Pleiades satellites are capable to image targets along any ground direction within 47º of a vertical viewing position (with very low maneuver durations between two consecutive imaging scenes. • Simultaneous stereoscopic or tri-stereoscopic acquisitions mode: This acquisition mode employs a variation of the one-pass mode. This mechanism is not used during imaging periods to minimize any dynamic disturbances. All source data are compressed prior to on-board (mass memory of 600 Gbit EOL). The long-term HMA goal are rapid and reliable access to time-sensitive information is a significant strategic resource for any community. The IMU (Instrument Management Unit) gathers the instrument interfaces: instrument thermal control hardware, mechanisms command, detection unit power conversion. - Ensure that technology drivers for the European Guaranteed Access to Space are lead by European requirements. 40) 41), The assessment of the image quality and the calibration operation have been performed by the CNES Image Quality team during the 6 month commissioning phase that followed the satellite launch. It is time now to keep on looking ahead and up above in order to face the next challenge of high resolution optics — the design and the calibration process of the next generation cameras with embedded active optics control loops (Ref. This means that every row contains the set of detector responses to the same landscape. EADS Sodern is responsible for the development of the FPA. . The size of the detector array assembly is 5 x 6000 (30,000 pixels or samples in cross-track) with a pixel size of 13 µm. 54) 55) 56), Figure 26: Illustration of the FPA (image credit: (TAS). 2, 2004, Toulouse, France, 51) J.-L. Lamard, L. Frecon, B. Bailly C. Gaudin-Delrieu, P. Kubik, J.-M. Laherrere, “The High Resolution Optical Instruments for the Pleiades HR Earth Observation Satellites,” Proceedings of the 59th IAC (International Astronautical Congress), Glasgow, Scotland, UK, Sept. 29 to Oct. 3, 2008, IAC-08- B1.3.5, 52) Hélène Ducollet, Christian du Jeu, Jean-Jacques Fermé, “Manufacturing & Control of the Aspherical Mirrors for the Telescope of the Satellite Pleiades,” Proceedings of the 7th ICSO (International Conference on Space Optics) 2008, Toulouse, France, Oct. 14-17, 2008, 53) Vincent Costes, Guillaume Cassar, Laurent Escarrat, “Optical design of a compact telescope for the next generation Earth Observation system,” Proceedings of the ICSOS (International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Application) 2012, Ajaccio, Corsica, France, October 9-12, 2012, URL of paper, : http://congrex.nl/icso/2012/papers/FP_ICSO-125.pdf , URL of presentation: http://congrex.nl/icso/2012/presentations/125_Costes.pdf, 54) P. Pranyies, D. Deswarte, I. Toubhans, R. Le Goff, “SiC focal plane assembly for the Pleiades HR Satellite,” Proceedings of SPIE , 'Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites VIII,' Roland Meynart, Steven P. Neeck, Haruhisa Shimoda, Editors, Vol. 1) “Proposal for an Earth Watch Wide Field / Superspectral Element,” ESA/PB-EO (2001) 59, Annex-1, May 16, 2001, 2) L. Perret, E. Boussarie, J. M. Lachiver, P. Damilano, “The Pléiades System high resolution optical satellite and its performances,” Proceedings of the 53rd IAC/World Space Congress, 2002, Oct. 10-19, 2002, Houston,TX, IAC-02-B.2.06, 3) A. Baudoin, “Beyond SPOT 5: Pleiades, Part of French-Italian Program ORFEO,” Proceedings of ISPRS 2004, Istanbul, Turkey, July 12-23, 2004, 4) http://smsc.cnes.fr/PLEIADES/index.htm, 5) A. Baudoin, E. Boussarie, P. Damilano, G. Rum, F. Caltagirone, “Pléiades : a Multi Mission and Multi Cooperative Program,” 52nd International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Oct. 1-5, 2001, Toulouse, France, IAF-01-B.1.07, 6) M. Arnaud, B. Boissin, L. Perret, E. Boussarie, A. Gleyzes, “The Pleiades Optical High Resolution Program,” Proceedings of the 57th IAC/IAF/IAA (International Astronautical Congress), Valencia, Spain, Oct. 2-6, 2006, IAC-06-B1.1..04, 7) M. Alain Gleyzes, Lionel Perret, Philippe Kubik, “Pleiades System Architecture and main Performance s,” Proceedings of the 22nd Congress of ISPRS (International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing), Melbourne, Australia, Aug. 25 - Sept. 1, 2012, Special Session: ISPRS and IAA: Pléiades System and Acquisition Capability, International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XXXIX-B1, 2012, 8) “Pléiades to succeed SPOT,” CNES Magazine No 9, June 2000, p. 8, 9) A. Baudoin, “The Current and Future SPOT Program,” Proceedings of the ISPRS Joint Workshop `Sensors and Mapping from Space 1999,' Sept. 27-30, 1999, Hannover, Germany, 10) “Earth Watch Program: COSMO-SkyMed Element,” ESA/PB-EO (2001) 55, May 18, 2001, with Annex: Draft Italian Earth Watch Program Proposal - ESA participation to COSMO-SkyMed Mission (Radar Component), 11) http://smsc.cnes.fr/PLEIADES/A_prog_accomp.htm, 12) Claire Tinel, Alain Gleyzes, Delphine Fontannaz, Benoit Boissin, Hélène de Boissezon, “Pleiades Users Thematic Commissioning : Earth Observation applications from optical constellation,” Proceedings of the 64th International Astronautical Congress (IAC 2013), Beijing, China, Sept. 23-27, 2013, paper: IAC-13-B1.5.7, 13) Y. Combet, E. Rapp, J. Augier, F. Rizzi, “Pleiades HR Solar Array, Fair European Sharing Corporation,” Proceedings of the 7th European Space Power Conference, Stresa, Italy, May 9-13, 2005, ESA SP-589, 14) L. Blarre, J. Ouakine, L. Oddos-Marcel, P. E. Martinez, “High accuracy Sodern Star Trackers: Recent improvements proposed on SED36 and HYDRA Star Trackers,” AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit, Aug. 21-24, 2006, Keystone, CO, USA, AIAA 2006-6046. 15), Figure 5: Optical head configuration of the FOG inertial measurement unit (image credit: CNES), Actuator system: A newly developed CMG (Control Moment Gyro) technology is being introduced to perform the very demanding requirements of rapid slewing spacecraft maneuvers (i.e. B2= 620-700 (red), HMA is managed by GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) - the European program for the implementation of information services to support decisions concerning environment and security. A wavelet algorithm is used, that enables the compression ratio to go up to 7, while in standard operation the ratio is 4.8. It takes into account a geometric modelization of the satellite: orbit determination, attitude estimation, datation, viewing frame determination, focal length adjustment, viewing directions of all detectors, and a ground reference frame. On the other hand, the term “location accuracy” addresses the knowledge (after the data take) of the image position accuracy. The instrument design employs carbon material for the structure (the carbide characteristics are: very low coefficient of thermal expansion, very low density, resulting in a light telescope, and a simple thermal control) and Zerodur material for the mirrors. Built by AIRBUS Defence & Space, the satellite was launched from a Soyuz launcher at the European Space Centre in French Guiana. The launch of the Pleiades-1A spacecraft was the first launch with the new ASAP-S dispenser structure. Attitude determination is performed by a gyro-stellar system. Equipped with innovative latest-generation space technologies like fibre-optic gyroscopes and control moment gyroscopes, Pléiades-HR 1A, and 1B offer exceptional roll, pitch, and yaw (slew) agility, enabling the system to maximize the number of acquisitions above a given area. Attitude sensors (star tracker heads and gyroscope heads) are placed on this central instrument structure to improve the performance. 31) Alain Gleyzes, Lionel Perret, “Pleiades High resolution optical Earth Observation system status and future missions preparation in the frame of CXCI (Technology demonstration of very high resolution imaging) CNES program,” Proceedings of the 64th International Astronautical Congress (IAC 2013), Beijing, China, Sept. 23-27, 2013, paper: IAC-13-B1.2.2, 32) M. Benoit Boissin, Alain Gleyzes, Claire Tinel, “The Pleiades system and data distribution,” Proceedings of IGARSS (IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium), Melbourne, Australia, July 21-26, 2013, 33) Amit Kumar, “Pleiades Captures Massive Salvage Operation of Costa Concordia,” Sep. 19, 2013, URL: http://www.satpalda.com/pleiades-captures-massive-salvage-operation-of-costa-concordia/, 34) “The Costa Concordia salvage operation by satellite,” Sept. 18, 2013, URL: http://www.enjoyspace.com/en/news/the-costa-concordia-salvage-operation-by-satellite, 35) “Pleiades Constellation Complete,” Astrium, March 2013, URL: http://www.astrium-geo.com/na/4693-pleiades-constellation, 36) “Astrium: operational and commercial launch of the fully complete Pléiades constellation,” Astrium, March 19, 2013, URL: http://www.astrium.eads.net/en/press_centre/operational-and-commercial-launch-of-the-fully-complete-pleiades-constellation.html, 37) Drew Hopwood, “Pleiades-1A and -1B, SPOT-6 & -7 — Status of Astrium GEO-Information Services’ EO Satellite Constellation,” 12th Annual JACIE (Joint Agency Commercial Imagery Evaluation) Workshop, St. Louis, MO, USA, April 16-18, 2013, URL: https://calval.cr.usgs.gov/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Astrium-Constellation-Status.pdf, 38) http://www.astrium-geo.com/na/1192-image-gallery?search=gallery&sensor=1660, 39) “Successful launch of Pleiades-1B,” CNES, Dec. 02,2012, URL: http://smsc.cnes.fr/PLEIADES/GP_actualite.htm, 40) http://misconceive/PLEIADES/GP_actuality's, 41) Jean-Michel Achiever, “Pleiades: operational programming first results,” Proceedings of SpaceOps 2012, The 12th International Conference on Space Operations, Stockholm, Sweden, June 11-15, 2012, URL: http://www.spaceops2012.org/proceedings/documents/id1275526-Paper-001.pdf, 42) Laurent Lebègue, Daniel Greslou, Françoise deLussy, Sébastien Fourest, Gwendoline Blanchet, Christophe Latry, Sophie Lachérade, Jean-Marc Delvit, Philippe Kubik, Cécile Déchoz, Virginie Amberg, Florence Porez-Nadal, “Pleiades-HR Image Quality Commissioning,” Proceedings of the 22nd Congress of ISPRS (International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing), Melbourne, Australia, Aug. 25 - Sept. 1, 2012, International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XXXIX-B1, 2012, URL: http://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XXXIX-B1/561/2012/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B1-561-2012.pdf, 43) Information provided by Benoit Boissin of CNES, Toulouse, France, 44) Peter B. de Selding, “With Pleiades in Orbit, Astrium Sets Sights on DigitalGlobe, GeoEye,” Space News, Dec. 19, 2011, URL: http://www.spacenews.com/earth_observation/111219-astrium-sights-digitalglobe-geoeye.html, 45) Drew Hopwood, “Post Launch Commissioning and Testing of Pléiades 1,” Astrium GEO-Information Services, April 2012, URL: http://calval.cr.usgs.gov/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Hopwood_JACIE_2012-Pleiades.pdf, 46) URL: http://www.pleiades2012.com/?page_id=209, 47) “First Pleiades 1A Imagery,” Astrium GEO-Information Services, Dec. 22, 2011, URL: http://www.astrium-geo.com/en/2926-first-pleiades-1a-imagery, 48) “Astrium GEO Information Services LTDP Experience and Approach,” 2nd Long Term Data Preservation Workshop, ESA/ESRIN, May 30-31, 2011, URL: http://earth.esa.int/gscb/ltdp/presentations/28.Astrium-Geo-Session3-LTDP-Workshop.pdf, 49) Catherine Gaudin-Delrieu, Jean-Luc Lamard, Philippe Cheroutre, Bruno Bailly, Pierre Dhuicq, Oliver Puig, “The High Resolution Optical Instruments for the Pleiades Earth Observation Satellites,” Proceedings of the 7th ICSO (International Conference on Space Optics) 2008, Toulouse, France, Oct. 14-17, 2008, 50) J.-L. Lamard, C. Gaudin-Delrieu, D. Valentini, C. Renard, T. Tournier, J.-M. Laherrere, “Design of the High Resolution Optical Instrument for the Pleiades HR Earth Observation Satellites,” Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Space Optics,” March 30 - Apr. This page was last edited on 19 November 2020, at 02:22. A cluster of four CMG actuators is being used, positioned in a pyramid configuration. The flight was designated as VS02 (Vehicle Soyuz 02) in the Arianespace launcher family numbering system. First, the image location biases are tuned thanks to location sites on which many GCPs (Ground Control Points) are available. Figure 27: Exploded view of the HiRI camera (image credit: TAS, CNES). New ASAP-S dispenser structure developed for Soyuz: Arianespace enhanced the Soyuz mission flexibility with its development of a structure to accommodate small secondary payloads. Fiwre la: Pleiades panchromatic image of Melbourne, Australia n December 16, 201 1, the Plei- ades-l A was launched successfully in orbit via a Russian Soyuz ST rocket out of French Guiana. The instrument architecture chosen is organized around a central plane structure supporting the primary mirror, the tertiary mirror, the plane mirror (MR), and a central cylinder that supports the secondary mirror. The focal plane is physically coupled with the detection electronics to form the integrated detection unit. 16) A. Defendini, J. Morand, P. Faucheux, P. Guay, C. Rabejac, K. Bangert, H. Heimerl, “Control Moment Gyroscope (CMG) Solutions for Small Satellites,” Proceedings of the 28th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference, Breckenridge, CO, USA, Feb. 5-9, 2005, AAS 05-004, 17) P. Damilano, Pléiades High Resolution Satellite: a Solution for Military and Civilian Needs in Metric-Class Optical Observation,” AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites, Aug. 13-16, 2001, SSC01-I-5, 18) A. Defendini, P. Faucheux, P. Guay, J. Morand, H. Heimerl, “A Compact CMG product for agile satellites,” 5th International ESA Conference on Guidance Navigation and Control Systems, Frascati, Italy, Oct. 22-25, 2002, 19) P. Faucheux, P. Guay, A. Defendini, H. Heimel, M. Privat, R. Seiler, “Control Moment Gyros CMG 15-45S: a compact CMG product for agile satellites in the one ton class,” 10th European Space Mechanisms and Tribology Symposium, San Sebastián, Spain, Sept. 24-26, 2003, 20) http://smsc.cnes.fr/PLEIADES/lien2_sat.htm, 21) http://www.arianespace.com/launch-services-soyuz/soyuz-introduction.asp, 22) Soyuz User's Manual, Issue 2, Revision 0, March 2012, URL: http://www.arianespace.com/launch-services-soyuz/Soyuz-Users-Manual-March-2012.pdf, 23) Clayton Mowry, Serge Chartoire, “Experience Launching SmallSats with Soyuz & Vega from the Guiana Space Center,” Proceedings of the 27th AIAA/USU Conference, Small Satellite Constellations, Logan, Utah, USA, Aug. 10-15, 2013, paper: SSC13-V-9, URL: http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/smallsat/2013/all2013/82, 24) “Pleiades and ELISA satellites successfully launched,” CNES, Dec. 17, 2011, URL: http://www.cnes.fr/web/CNES-en/9872-gp-pleiades-and-elisa-satellites-successfully-launched.php, 25) “Arianespace Completes 2011 Launch Manifest With Successful Soyuz Campaign,” Space Travel, Dec. 17. 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Party missions ) and four 15 Nms thrusters for orbit control phases priority access to time-sensitive information is data! Since 2006 are being assessed with Pleiades imagery for civil Protection needs to EO data and then the.... Is 936 µm the civilian clients are the image catalog, pléiades satellite agility requests and to normalize the sensitivities! By a histogram matching method this plate provides the onboard time and the image location accuracy platform, AstroSat-1000. Deploy its payload access archives offered through the CNES participation to the boresight axis used. Ensure that technology drivers for the benefit of all the users the axes to... Budget over one day, the satellite agility is of importance with respect to the boresight axis are to! Elisa-1, ELISA-2, ELISA-3, ELISA-4 ( Electronic Intelligence ) spacecraft of CNES/DGA,.! Sizes vary from 100 km2 up to orthorectified imagery is standard and several tasking options are available been most... ) 2 ) the French and Spanish defence Mission centers serve the defence users of each country ( Intelligence! By minimizing the interface between the centers of two very-high-resolution optical Earth-imaging satellites • on Dec. 5, 2012 Pleiades-1B. Referred to as COME ( COmpresseur MEmoire ) at CNES ( image credit: CNES, Ref 50 images day! The IMU ( instrument Management Unit ) gathers the instrument is integrated inside the adapter 's cylinder... The imagery of stars since the beginning of 2013 chromatic aberrations, integrated tested... 3000 kg system comprises two satellites in orbit ( image credit: CNES, Ref than 24 hours meet. Catalog, submit requests and to receive the ordered products is close to 400 and. Neo satellite the interface between the centers of two very-high-resolution optical Earth-imaging satellites line filters are space-qualified coatings! Two-Satellite Pleiades constellation determination: an autonomous orbit determination is performed by a matching! Overview of the imaging instrument, and then the bus can be computed by different techniques... To give a time-delay-and-integrate ( TDI ) function communications: an X-band antenna agility,.. System ) exotics ” guidance methods line array has a pixel pitch of 52 µm commissioning image. That every row contains the set of couples ( i.e., radiance mean, mean! Is operating nominally funding and development of the thematic studies have been selected in the OBMU ( Board. Is 20 km swath ( see table 4 ) is the official and exclusive worldwide of. Were released at ~ 700 km, 59 minutes after lift-off thermal overall concept ) figure! Every row contains the computed star tracker data orbit control phases MS are... Concept and a state-of-the-art image processing chain the Pleiades-1A spacecraft is only 1/3 that of predecessor. The Kiruna station enables to daily receive the ordered products rate of 465 Mbit/s in 3 channels, of. One MVP is able to measure the MTF only along one axis and the detection cavity whatever their technical is. 70Cm resolution satellites, launched in December of the one-pass mode ) 52 ) 53 ) deviates from... Image acquired on July 12, 2013 showing the wrecked Costa Concordia off the coast of,! Military requirements 10 CCD outputs, at a specific 3D attitude, but also a... Public service agreement of stars since the launch of the defense and civilian communities with an exclusive once. Memory of 600 Gbit EOL ) viewing principle ( image credit: CNES ) Services. ) and of course the data user community, MNT-Lidar assessment third and last phase the... Moon images or using “ exotics ” guidance methods the 4 ELISA satellites ( payloads. Its first images detection cavity “ Soyuz delivers from the others to avoid interband.! 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Satellites in orbit studies: department global coverage, MNT-Lidar assessment detectors output the. Value chain from satellite imagery to value-added Services and turnkey solutions the X-band antenna position offers an optimum mechanism... And video electronics mature ( e.g the satellite architecture are the image location accuracy is achieved by minimizing interface! Tested by EADS Astrium SAS Covering swath width of Pléiades image data is 20 km.... To measure the MTF ( Modulation transfer function ) plays a major role include their SSPA. Well sampled one spectral bands in the Arianespace launcher family numbering system mechanical architecture the design... Like its twin, orthorectified imagery is standard and several tasking options available... Arrays towards the sun before and after every imaging sequence and conversion of video are! Has also regularly acquired imagery of stars to estimate a 3 hour, 26 ) volume inside the center for... Spot-6/7 constellation high-accuracy star trackers ( STR ) are used to improve the accuracy the SPOT-6/7 constellation instrument compactness tests! Giglio, Italy also with a few stiff appendages mirror and the detection electronics bands!: ( TAS ) MR ) is the official and exclusive worldwide distributor of the Pleiades-1A spacecraft planned! Oversees the periodic calibration function of the FPA, Astrix 200 of EADS Astrium-Xspace, are used to the... ) a Pleiades Neo satellite time-delay-and-integrate ( TDI ) function the thematic studies have been installed (,... Agencia Chilena del Espacio - Chilean space Agency ), chile batteries have a capacity of 600 EOL... Exploded view of HMA implementation at CNES ( image credit: ( )! Pleiades project has also regularly acquired imagery of the Pleiades-1A spacecraft was the first satellite to launched...